function Question (qname, type, qstring, response, corrects, explan, ifcorrect,ifwrong,ifnull, img) {this.qname=qname; this.type=type; this.qstring=qstring; this.response=response; this.corrects=corrects; this.explan=explan; this.ifcorrect=ifcorrect; this.ifwrong=ifwrong; this.ifnull=ifnull; this.img=img; } resp=new Array("It has been documented that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus having good glycemic control at start of hemodialysis have a better survival. ","Smokers usually have greater fibrinogen concentrations and systolic blood pressure than non-smokers.","Smokers usually have more carotid atherosclerosis than non-smokers.","Smokers usually have higher S-albumin concentrations than non-smokers.") corr=new Array("0","0","0","1") quest001 = new Question( "Question 1", 0, "Patients cardiovascular risk factors should be assessed at the onset of dialysis and 6 months thereafter. With regard to the traditional risk factors diabetes mellitus and smoking, which of the following statements is not correct?", resp, corr, "", 1, 0, 0, ""); resp=new Array("
A few randomized controlled interventions have showed that treatment of dyslipidemia reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease in ESRD.","
Hemodialysis patients exhibit a characteristic dyslipidemia pattern consisting of hypertriglyceridemia, increased VLDL, small dense LDL and low HDL levels.","
Atherogenic dyslipidemia may be linked to insulin resistance.","
The mechanisms for accumulation of small dense LDL in ESRD includes decreased affinity for the LDL receptor and increased transcapillary permeability and filtration by the endothelium.") corr=new Array("1","0","0","0") quest002 = new Question( "Question 2", 0, "Which of the following statement is not true about dyslipidemia, another traditional risk factors, in ESRD patients?", resp, corr, "", 1, 0, 0, ""); resp=new Array("
They have failed to assess total plasma lipid levels.","
They have been cross-sectional in nature.","
They have failed to control for other risk factors.","
They have failed to distinguish atherosclerosis-related events from other forms of cardiovascular disease.") corr=new Array("1","0","0","0") quest003 = new Question( "Question 3", 0, "
A number of studies have examined the relationship between various lipid parameters and the presence of clinically apparent atherosclerosis in ESRD. Unfortunately, the conclusions have so far been conflicting. In general, which of the following statements in not true about these conflicting studies?
", resp, corr, "", 1, 0, 0, ""); resp=new Array("
In an pro-inflammatory milieu HDL may lack the effects to protect LDL from being oxidized.","
Apolipoprotein A-1 is the major structural protein in HDL.","
HDL composition and HDL anti-oxidant capacity is altered in dialysis patients.","
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) usually decrease HDL levels.") corr=new Array("0","0","0","1") quest004 = new Question( "Question 4", 0, "
Low HDL-cholesterol is a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Which of the following statements is not true regarding HDL-cholesterol?
", resp, corr, "", 1, 0, 0, ""); resp=new Array("
A majority of adult hemodialysis patients have evidence of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computed tomography (EBCT).","
Although phosphate concentrations decrease during hemodialysis it will reach its predialysis value againg 12-24 hours after the hemodialysis session.","
It has been shown that young adult dialysis patients with coronary artery calcification ingests almost twice as much calcium in the form of calcium-containing phosphate binders as those with no evidence of coronary artery calcification.","
Hyperphosphatemia may be associated with increased blood pressure and an hyperkinetic circulation.") corr=new Array("0","1","0","0") quest005 = new Question( "Question 5", 0, "
Hyperphosphatemia and an elevated calcium-phosphorus product increases the risk of vascular calcification, which may be another important risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in ESRD. Which of the following statements is not true?
", resp, corr, "", 1, 0, 0, ""); resp=new Array("
Other than hormonal therapies, such as ACTH and thyroxine, and nicotinic acid there are no effective pharmacological treatment alternatives to reduce Lp(a).","
Supplementation of folic acid at a pharmacological dose (2.5-15 mg/day) has been shown to reduce fasting plasma homocystein concentrations by 30-40%. ","
It is clearly shown that the hemodialysis procedure per se may cause enhanced basal oxidative stress.","
At present, specific recommendations for anti-oxidant therapy in ESRD can not be given.") corr=new Array("0","0","1","0") quest006 = new Question( "Question 6", 0, "
Recently, much interested have been focused on emerging, non-traditional, risk factors for cardiovascular damage in ESRD, such as Lp(a), homocystein, oxidative stress and inflammation. Which of the following statements about non-traditional risk factors is not true?
", resp, corr, "", 1, 0, 0, ""); resp=new Array("
Heritability may account for as much as 30-40% of variations in systemic markers of inflammation, such as CRP and white blood cell count.","
Procalcitonin may be used to distinguish between inflammation and infections in ESRD.","
No studies have yet shown that the quality of the dialysate may affect inflammatory markers in hemodialysis patients.","
Oxidative and carbonyl stress may both contribute to the inflammatory milieu in ESRD.") corr=new Array("0","0","1","0") quest007 = new Question( "Question 7", 0, "
Inflammation is thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis and outcome of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events in ESRD? Which of the following statements about inflammation is not true?
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You have made the following errors

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"+fill((now.getMonth()+1),2)+"/"+fill(now.getDate(),2)+"/"+now.getYear()+"  "+fill(now.getHours(),2)+":"+fill(now.getMinutes(),2)+"

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You have made "+errori+" error."); else winr.document.write("

Congratulations, you haven't made any errors

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") printest=(((navigator.appName=='Netscape') && (navigator.appVersion.charAt(0)>='4')) || (testIE5plus() == true))? 'print()': 'alert("This button can be used with Netscape Navigator 4 or Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 only. If you want to print with other browsers, please select the Print command in the File menu.")' winr.document.write("    ") winr.document.write("
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Created and managed with SmartLite WebQuiz

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